Marcos teóricos e intervenciones psicosociales para cuidadores de niños con diabetes tipo 1: una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35319/ajayu.242385Palabras clave:
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1, intervenciones psicosociales, cuidadores pediátricos, marcos teóricos, revisión sistemáticaResumen
Esta revisión sistemática identifica, caracteriza y analiza los efectos de intervenciones psicosociales dirigidas a cuidadores de niños y adolescentes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1), con especial atención a los marcos teóricos en los que se sustentan y a su correspondencia con los resultados observados. Siguiendo las directrices PRISMA 2020, se identificaron diez ensayos controlados aleatorizados elegibles en seis bases de datos. Los estudios se agruparon en tres familias teóricas: modelos cognitivo-conductuales y de parentalidad positiva, terapias sistémicas y multifamiliares, y modelos de apoyo social y psicoeducación. Todos comparten énfasis en habilidades observables y transmisión de conocimiento, con escasa atención explícita a los procesos emocionales y relacionales del cuidado. En cuanto a los efectos, las mejoras en habilidades parentales y funcionamiento familiar fueron los hallazgos más consistentes, mientras que los efectos sobre el malestar psicológico parental resultaron heterogéneos y frecuentemente no significativos entre grupos. Solo un estudio reportó mejoras significativas en HbA1c en la muestra completa. La variabilidad en los resultados se asoció a la diversidad de instrumentos utilizados, a limitaciones de potencia estadística y, de manera descriptiva, a diferencias en los mecanismos de cambio postulados por cada familia teórica. Los hallazgos destacan la necesidad de mayor rigor metodológico e intervenciones que articulen explícitamente los mecanismos de cambio emocional y relacional en el manejo pediátrico de la DM1.
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